Projection system and projection-type image display apparatus

ABSTRACT

A projection system is formed of a first optical system and a second optical system sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side and forms an intermediate image in a position between a demagnifying-side image formation plane and a magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system. The second optical system is a lens. The lens has a first transmissive surface, a reflective surface, and a second transmissive surface sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. The reflective surface has a concave shape, and the second transmissive surface has a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side. An imaginary line specified in the lens inclines with respect to an imaginary vertical line perpendicular to the imaginary axis in a plane YZ, and the intermediate image is located in the lens between the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface.

The present application is based on, and claims priority from JP Application Serial Number 2018-141034, filed Jul. 27, 2018 and 2019-105945, filed Jun. 6 2019, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to a projection system having a concave reflective surface on the magnifying side of an intermediate image, and to a projection-type image display apparatus including the projection system.

2. Related Art

JP-A-2010-20344 describes a projection-type image display apparatus that enlarges a projection image formed by an image formation section and projects the enlarged projection image via a projection system. The projection system described in JP-A-2010-20344 is formed of a first optical system and a second optical system sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. The first optical system includes a refractive optical system. The second optical system is formed of a reflection mirror having a concave reflective surface. The image formation section includes a light source and a light valve. The image formation section forms a projection image in the demagnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system. The projection system forms an intermediate image in a position between the first optical system and the reflective surface and projects a final image on a screen disposed in the magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system.

JP-A-2010-20344 is an embodiment of the related art.

In the projection system described in JP-A-2010-20344, shorting the projection distance causes the intermediate image located at the demagnifying side of the reflective surface to incline toward the direction along the optical axis of the first optical system.

The size of the intermediate image increases as the intermediate image inclines. When the size of the intermediate image increases, it is necessary to increase the size of the reflective surface located at the magnifying side of the intermediate image. Therefore, in a projection system having only a concave reflective surface on the magnifying side of the intermediate image, shorting the projection distance causes an increase in the size of the reflective surface.

SUMMARY

An advantage of some aspects of the present disclosure is to provide a projection system capable of suppressing an increase in size of a concave reflective surface disposed on the magnifying side of an intermediate image even in the case of a short projection distance. Another advantage of some aspects of the present disclosure is to provide a projection-type image display apparatus including the projection system.

An aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a projection system including a first optical system and a second optical system sequentially arranged from a demagnifying side toward a magnifying side, the projection system forming an intermediate image in a position between a demagnifying-side image formation plane and a magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system. The second optical system is a lens. The lens has a first transmissive surface, a reflective surface, and a second transmissive surface sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. Three axes perpendicular to one another are called axes X, Y, and Z, with an axis-Z direction being a direction in which the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface are arranged, an upper side being one side of the axis Y, a lower side being another side of the axis Y, and a plane YZ being a plane perpendicular to the axis X and containing the axes Y and Z. The first transmissive surface and the reflective surface are located at the lower side of an imaginary axis extending in the axis-Z direction. The second transmissive surface is located at the upper side of the imaginary axis. The reflective surface has a concave shape. The second transmissive surface has a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side. An imaginary line that connects an upper intersection to a lower intersection inclines with respect to an imaginary vertical line perpendicular to the imaginary axis in the plane YZ, the upper intersection being an intersection where an upper peripheral light ray of an upper-end light flux that is a light ray passing through an axis-Y-direction upper end of an effective range of the second transmissive surface and an upper peripheral light ray of a lower-end light flux that is a light ray passing through an axis-Y-direction lower end of the effective range intersect with each other in the plane YZ, and the lower intersection being an intersection where a lower peripheral light ray of the upper-end light flux and a lower peripheral light ray of the lower-end light flux intersect with each other in the plane YZ. The intermediate image is located in the lens between the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface.

In the aspect of the present disclosure, the first optical system may be a refractive optical system.

In the aspect of the present disclosure, the imaginary axis may coincide with an optical axis of the first optical system.

In the aspect of the present disclosure, principal rays between the first optical system and the second optical system may approach each other toward the second optical system.

In the aspect of the present disclosure, any of the first transmissive surface, the reflective surface, and the second transmissive surface may be an aspheric surface.

In the aspect of the present disclosure, the first transmissive surface may be an aspheric surface.

In the aspect of the present disclosure, the intermediate image may have a shape that allows reduction in trapezoidal distortion of a final image formed in the magnifying-side image formation plane.

In the aspect of the present disclosure, the first transmissive surface, the reflective surface, and the second transmissive surface may form a coaxial optical system having surfaces rotationally symmetric with respect to the imaginary axis, and the imaginary axis may be a design reference axis.

In the aspect of the present disclosure, the projection system may satisfy a conditional expression below, 0°<θ<90°+γ  (1) where θ is an inclination angle over which an end of the imaginary line facing the upper intersection rotates counterclockwise relative to the imaginary vertical line around an intersection of the imaginary vertical line and the imaginary line, and γ is an angle from the imaginary axis to the lower peripheral light ray of the lower-end light flux and intersects the imaginary axis.

In the aspect of the present disclosure, the projection system may satisfy a conditional expression (2) below, 90°<θ  (2)

A projection-type image display apparatus according to another aspect of the present disclosure includes any of the projection systems described above and a display that displays a projection image in the demagnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system.

In the aspect of the present disclosure, the display may form the projection image on the upper side of the optical axis of the first optical system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a projection-type image display apparatus including a projection system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a light ray diagram of a projection system according to Embodiment 1.

FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged view of a portion A in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a partially enlarged view of a portion B in FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a light ray diagram of the projection system according to Embodiment 1 enlarged.

FIG. 6 is a light ray diagram with a portion including a second optical system of the projection system according to Embodiment 1 enlarged.

FIG. 7 describes the magnification of the projection system in a case where the second optical system has only a reflective surface.

FIG. 8 describes the magnification of the projection system in a case where the second optical system has the reflective surface and a second transmissive surface which is disposed on the magnifying side of the reflective surface.

FIG. 9 shows an MTF of the projection system according to Embodiment 1 on the magnifying side.

FIG. 10 is a spot diagram showing spots produced by the projection system according to Embodiment 1.

FIG. 11 is a light ray diagram of a projection system according to Comparative Embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a light ray diagram of the projection system according to Comparative Embodiment enlarged.

FIG. 13 shows an MTF of the projection system according to Comparative Embodiment on the magnifying side.

FIG. 14 is a spot diagram showing spots produced by the projection system according to Comparative Embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a light ray diagram of a projection system according to Embodiment 2.

FIG. 16 is a light ray diagram of the projection system according to Embodiment 2.

FIG. 17 is a light ray diagram with a portion including a second optical system of the projection system according to Embodiment 2 enlarged.

FIG. 18 shows the MTF of the projection system according to Embodiment 2 on the magnifying side.

FIG. 19 is a spot diagram showing spots produced by the projection system according to Embodiment 2.

FIG. 20 is a light ray diagram of a projection system according to Embodiment 3.

FIG. 21 is a light ray diagram of the projection system according to Embodiment 3 enlarged.

FIG. 22 is a light ray diagram with a portion including a second optical system of the projection system according to Embodiment 3 enlarged.

FIG. 23 shows an MTF of the projection system according to Embodiment 3 on the magnifying side.

FIG. 24 is a spot diagram showing spots produced by the projection system according to Embodiment 3.

FIG. 25 is a light ray diagram of a projection system according to Embodiment 4.

FIG. 26 is a light ray diagram of the projection system according to Embodiment 4 enlarged.

FIG. 27 is a light ray diagram with a portion including a second optical system of the projection system according to Embodiment 4 enlarged.

FIG. 28 shows an MTF of the projection system according to Embodiment 4 on the magnifying side.

FIG. 29 is a spot diagram showing spots produced by the projection system according to Embodiment 4.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

A projection system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure and a projection-type image display apparatus including the projection system will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings.

Projection-Type Image Display Apparatus

FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of the projection-type image display apparatus including the projection system according to the embodiment of the present disclosure. A projection-type image display apparatus 1 includes an image formation section 2, which generates image light to be projected on a screen S, a projection system 3, which enlarges and projects the image light, and a controller 4, which controls the action of the image formation section 2, as shown in FIG. 1.

Image Light Generation System and Controller

The image formation section 2 includes a light source 10, a first optical integration lens 11, a second optical integration lens 12, a polarization converter 13, and a superimposing lens 14. The light source 10 is formed, for embodiment, of an ultrahigh-pressure mercury lamp, a solid-state light source, or any other light source. The first optical integration lens 11 and the second optical integration lens 12 each include a plurality of lens elements arranged in an array. The first optical integration lens 11 divides a light flux from the light source 10 into a plurality of light fluxes. The lens elements of the first optical integration lens 11 focus the light flux from the light source 10 in the vicinity of the lens elements of the second optical integration lens 12.

The polarization converter 13 converts the light from the second optical integration lens 12 into predetermined linearly polarized light. The superimposing lens 14 superimposes images of each of the lens elements of the first optical integration lens 11 on one another on a display area of each of liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B, which will be described later, via the second optical integration lens 12.

The image formation section 2 further includes a first dichroic mirror 15, a reflection mirror 16, a field lens 17R, and the liquid crystal panel 18R. The first dichroic mirror 15 reflects R light, which is part of light rays incident via the superimposing lens 14, and transmits G light and B light, which are part of the light rays incident via the superimposing lens 14. The R light reflected off the first dichroic mirror 15 travels via the reflection mirror 16 and the field lens 17R and is incident on the liquid crystal panel 18R. The liquid crystal panel 18R is an image display device. The liquid crystal panel 18R modulates the R light in accordance with an image signal to form a red projection image. One of the liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B is also called a display.

The image formation section 2 further includes a second dichroic mirror 21, a field lens 17G, and the liquid crystal panel 18G. The second dichroic mirror 21 reflects the G light, which is part of the light rays from the first dichroic mirror 15, and transmits B light, which is part of the light rays from the first dichroic mirror 15. The G light reflected off the second dichroic mirror 21 passes through the field lens 17G and is incident on the liquid crystal panel 18G. The liquid crystal panel 18G is an image display device. The liquid crystal panel 18G modulates the G light in accordance with an image signal to form a green projection image.

The image formation section 2 further includes a relay lens 22, a reflection mirror 23, a relay lens 24, a reflection mirror 25, a field lens 17B, and the liquid crystal panel 18B. The B light having passed through the second dichroic mirror 21 travels via the relay lens 22, the reflection mirror 23, the relay lens 24, the reflection mirror 25, and the field lens 17B and is incident on the liquid crystal panel 18B. The liquid crystal panel 18B is an image display device. The liquid crystal panel 18B modulates the B light in accordance with an image signal to form a blue projection image.

The liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B surround a cross dichroic prism 19 in such a way that the liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B face three sides of the cross dichroic prism 19. The cross dichroic prism 19, which is a prism for light combination, combines the light modulated by the liquid crystal panel 18R, the light modulated by the liquid crystal panel 18G, and the light modulated by the liquid crystal panel 18B with one another into image light.

The cross dichroic prism 19 forms part of the projection system 3. The projection system 3 enlarges and projects the combined image light from the cross dichroic prism 19 (projection images formed by liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B) on the screen S.

The controller 4 includes an image processor 6, to which an external image signal, such as a video signal, is inputted, and a display driver 7, which drives the liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B based on image signals outputted from the image processor 6.

The image processor 6 converts the image signal inputted from an external apparatus into image signals each containing grayscales and other factors on a color basis. The display driver 7 operates the liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B based on the color projection image signals outputted from the image processor 6. The image processor 6 thus displays projection images corresponding to the image signals on the liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B.

Projection System

The projection system 3 will next be described. In the following sections, Embodiments 1 to 4 will be described as configuration embodiments of the projection system 3 incorporated in the projection-type image display apparatus 1.

Embodiment 1

FIG. 2 is a light ray diagram of a projection system according to Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure. FIG. 3 is a partially enlarged view of a portion A in FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a partially enlarged view of a portion B in FIG. 2. FIG. 5 is a light ray diagram of the projection system according to Embodiment 1 enlarged. FIG. 6 is a light ray diagram with a portion including a second optical system of the projection system according to Embodiment 1 enlarged. FIG. 2 diagrammatically shows 11 light fluxes F1 to F11, which exit out of a projection system 3A and reach the screen S. The light flux F1 is a light flux that reaches a lowest image height position. The light flux F11 is a light flux that reaches a highest image height position. The light fluxes F2 to F10 are light fluxes that reach height positions between the height position that the light flux F1 reaches and the height position that the light flux F11 reaches.

The projection system 3A according to the present embodiment is formed of a first optical system 31 and a second optical system 32 sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, as shown in FIG. 2. The projection system 3A forms an intermediate image 33 in a position between the demagnifying-side image formation plane and the magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system 3A, as shown in FIG. 5.

The first optical system 31 is a refractive optical system including a plurality of lenses. In the present embodiment, the first optical system 31 includes 15 lenses. The second optical system 32 is formed of a lens 35. The liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B of the image formation section 2 are disposed in the demagnifying-side image formation plane. FIGS. 2 and 5 show the liquid crystal panel 18G, which is one of the three liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B. The liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B form projection images on one side of an optical axis N of the first optical system 31 in the demagnifying-side image formation plane. The screen S is disposed in the magnifying-side image formation plane.

The intermediate image 33 is formed in the second optical system 32, that is, the lens 35. The intermediate image 33 is formed on the other side of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. A final image projected on the screen S has an oblong shape elongated in the lateral direction. In the present embodiment, the final image has an aspect ratio of 16:10.

The first optical system 31 includes the cross dichroic prism 19 and a first lens L1 to a fifteenth lens L15, which form 15 lenses, as shown in FIG. 5. The first lens L1 to the fifteenth lens L15 are arranged in the presented order from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. In the present embodiment, the second lens L2 and the third lens L3 are bonded to each other to forma first doublet L21. The fourth lens L4 and the fifth lens L5 are bonded to each other to form a second doublet L22. The eleventh lens L11 and the twelfth lens L12 are bonded to each other to form a third doublet L23. The thirteenth lens L13 and the fourteenth lens L14 are bonded to each other to forma fourth doublet L24. A stop O is disposed between the seventh lens L7 and the eighth lens L8. In the present embodiment, the sixth lens L6, the ninth lens L9, and the fifteenth lens L15 are three lenses that are each an aspheric lens having aspheric surfaces on both surfaces.

In the first optical system 31, the fifteenth lens L15, which is located in a position closest to the magnifying side, has positive power. In the first optical system 31, a magnifying-side lens group LG25, which is located in a position closest to the second optical system 32, has positive power. The magnifying-side lens group LG25 is formed of three lenses arranged from the side facing the second optical system 32. That is, the thirteenth lens L13, the fourteenth lens L14, and the fifteenth lens L15 form the magnifying-side lens group LG25. Since the magnifying-side lens group LG25 has positive power in the first optical system 31, the principal rays between the first optical system 31 and the second optical system 32 approach each other toward the second optical system 32, as shown in FIG. 5.

The lens 35, which forms the second optical system 32, is made of resin. The lens 35 has a first transmissive surface 41, a reflective surface 42, and a second transmissive surface 43 sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, as shown in FIG. 6. In the case where the lens 35 is made of resin, the lens 35 can be manufactured in injection molding. A lens 35 having a complicated shape is therefore readily manufactured.

In the following description, three axes perpendicular to one another are called axes X, Y, and Z for convenience. A first direction in which the first transmissive surface 41 and the reflective surface 42 are arranged is called an axis-Z direction. A second direction, which is called an axis-y direction, coincides with the vertical direction of the screen S. One side of the axis Y is called an upper side Y1, and the other side of the axis Y is called a lower side Y2. A first plane perpendicular to the axis X and containing the axes Y and Z is called a plane YZ. FIGS. 1 to 6 therefore each show the plane YZ. The optical axis N of the first optical system 31 extends in the axis-Z direction. The image formation section 2 forms a projection image on the upper side Y1 of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. The intermediate image 33 is formed on the lower side Y2 of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. The lateral direction of the screen S coincides a third direction, which is called with the axis-X direction. In the following description, an imaginary axis M extending in the axis-Z direction is set in the plane YZ. The imaginary axis M is a reference axis used in the design of the lens 35. The imaginary axis M is perpendicular to the screen S, which is the magnifying-side image formation plane. The imaginary axis M is substantially perpendicular to the screen S in some cases.

The first transmissive surface 41 and the reflective surface 42 are located at the lower side Y2 of the imaginary axis M. The second transmissive surface 43 is located at the upper side Y1 of the imaginary axis M. The reflective surface 42 has a concave shape. The reflective surface 42 therefore has positive power. The reflective surface 42 is provided by externally forming a reflective coating on the lens 35. The second transmissive surface 43 has a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side. The second transmissive surface 43 therefore has positive power. The first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 form a coaxial optical system having surfaces rotationally symmetric with respect to the imaginary axis M. Therefore, the imaginary axis M is the reference axis used in the design of the lens 35 and is the optical axis of the lens 35. In the present embodiment, the imaginary axis M coincides with the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. The imaginary axis M does not necessarily coincide with the optical axis N of the first optical system 31.

The upper and lower halves of the lens 35 are each configured to be rotationally symmetric with respect to the imaginary axis M. That is, the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 are so shaped that the cross-sectional shape in the plane YZ shown in FIG. 6 is rotated around the imaginary axis M over an angular range of 90° toward one side and the other side of the axis-X direction. In the present embodiment, the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 are each an aspheric surface.

An imaginary line P can be specified in the lens 35 of the second optical system 32, as shown in FIG. 6. The imaginary line P connects an upper intersection 53 to a lower intersection 54, the upper intersection 53 being an intersection where an upper peripheral light ray 51 a of an upper-end light flux 51, where the upper-end light flux 51 is the light flux passing through the axis-Y-direction upper end of an effective range 50 of the second transmissive surface 43, and an upper peripheral light ray 52 a of a lower-end light flux 52, where the lower-end light flux 52 is the light flux passing through the axis-Y-direction lower end of the effective range 50, intersect with each other in the plane YZ, and the lower intersection 54 being an intersection where a lower peripheral light ray 51 b of the upper-end light flux 51 and a lower peripheral light ray 52 b of the lower-end light flux 52 intersect with each other in the plane YZ. The imaginary line P inclines by 98.77° with respect to an imaginary vertical line V, which is perpendicular to the imaginary axis M in the plane YZ. Further, in the lens 35 of the second optical system 32, the upper peripheral light ray 51 a of the upper-end light flux 51 travels from the second transmissive surface 43 toward the reflective surface 42, and the point where the upper peripheral light ray 51 a intersects another light ray reflected off the reflective surface 42 for the first time is called a first intersection. Similarly, the lower peripheral light ray 52 b of the lower-end light flux 52 travels from the second transmissive surface 43 toward the reflective surface 42, and the point where the lower peripheral light ray 52 b intersects another light ray reflected off the reflective surface 42 for the first time is called a second intersection. Under the above definition, the line that connects the first intersection to the second intersection is named as a pupil 44. In the present embodiment, the pupil 44 inclines by 103.315° with respect to the imaginary vertical line V in the plane YZ.

The intermediate image 33 is an inverted final image turned upside down. The intermediate image 33 is an image so distorted that an oblong final image is projected on the screen S, which is the magnifying-side image formation plane. More specifically, the intermediate image 33 has a shape that allows reduction in trapezoidal distortion of the final image formed on the screen S. That is, the intermediate image 33 has distortion opposite the trapezoidal distortion of the final image. The intermediate image 33 is therefore so formed that the shortest edge thereof is the edge having the highest image height on the screen S.

Lens Data

Data on the lenses of the projection system 3A are as follows: The surfaces of the lenses are numbered sequentially from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. A surface having a surface number with * is an aspheric surface. The surface number 1 represents the demagnifying-side surface of the cross dichroic prism 19, and the surface number 2 represents the magnifying-side surface thereof. The fields labeled with the surface number 20 show dummy data. The row of the reference characters represents the reference characters of the lenses thereof. The reference characters given in the second optical system 32 are the reference characters of the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43. That is, the surface number 31 represents the first transmissive surface 41 of the lens 35. The surface number 33 represents the reflective surface 42 of the lens 35. The surface number 35 represents the second transmissive surface 43 of the lens 35. Reference character r denotes the radius of curvature in millimeters. Reference character d denotes the on-axis inter-surface distance in millimeters. Reference character nd denotes the refractive index. Reference character νd denotes the Abbe number. Reference character Y denotes the effective radius in the axis-Y direction. Reference character X denotes the effective radius in the axis-X direction.

Surface Reference number character r d nd vd Y X Object 0 9.39 plane  1 0 25.91 1.516331 64.14 13.27 13.27  2 0 0.1 16.289 16.289  3 L1 56.80565 6.965816 1.646732 58.36 16.758 16.758  4 −42.68536 0.1995 16.795 16.795  5 L2 32.84132 9.903502 1.483259 59.69 15.087 15.087  6 L3 −33.73055 1.197 1.841678 29.18 14.07 14.07  7 599.36572 0.1995 13.431 13.431  8 L4 25.79278 10.192649 1.516331 64.14 12.589 12.589  9 L5 −20.37894 1.197 1.903658 31.32 11.379 11.379  10 21.51184 1.012845 10.637 0.637 *11 L6 14.98812 1.3965 1.437002 95.1 10.831 10.831 *12 15.82309 0.370963 10.927 10.927  13 L7 21.34706 5.192064 1.458241 77.43 11.381 11.381  14 −203.44571 2.49375 11.28 11.28 Stop 0 3.49125 12 12 plane  16 L8 27.16508 4.1895 1.846663 23.78 10.379 10.379  17 −90.48264 3.3915 10 10 *18 L9 127.94794 1.7955 1.787436 38.46 9.476 9.476 *19 24.80943 2.9925 9.581 9.581  20 dummy 0 1.662166 9.975 9.975  21 L10 −30.9257 11 1.846663 23.78 9.978 9.978  22 −37.46179 8.254402 13.744 13.744  23 L11 −96.87787 10 1.665537 43.64 17.097 17.097  24 L12 −20.35957 11 1.834105 30.43 17.528 17.528  25 −43.79383 14.751624 23.012 23.012  26 L13 39.90785 16.825248 1.604992 61.79 30 30  27 L14 −209.92296 1.995 1.844769 25.57 29.686 29.686  28 85.46293 25.235494 27.781 27.781 *29 L15 −94.94674 11 1.531132 55.75 25.435 25.435 *30 52.35571 2.93364 24.657 24.657 *31 41 −48.1898 33.25 1.531132 55.75 24.603 24.603  32 0 0 1.531132 55.75 22.06 22.06 *33 42 −26.026 0 1.531132 55.75 21.22 21.22  34 0 −33.25 1.531132 55.75 41.157 41.157 *35 43 20.45512 −466.75 20.295 20.295 Image 0 0 1451.182 1451.182 plane

As shown in the lens data, the refractive index nd of the lens 35 is 1.531132, and the Abbe number νd of the lens 35 is 55.75. The field of the on-axis inter-surface distance d labeled with the surface number 35 shows the distance between the screen S and the second transmissive surface 43 of the lens 35. The field of the on-axis inter-surface distance d labeled with the surface number 35 therefore shows the projection distance f of the projection system 3A. In the present embodiment, f=466.75 mm. In the present embodiment, the effective radius of the reflective surface 42 is 21.22 mm in the axis-Y direction and 21.22 mm in the axis-X direction.

Aspheric data of the surface number 11 are as follows.

Conic constant −4.291852E−01 Fourth-order coefficient −2.147243E−04 Sixth-order coefficient 6.917248E−07 Eighth-order coefficient −6.424421E−10 Tenth-order coefficient 0

Aspheric data of the surface number 12 are as follows.

Conic constant −2.985186E−01 Fourth-order coefficient −2.429582E−04 Sixth-order coefficient  6.907024E−07 Eighth-order coefficient  −1.68077E−09 Tenth-order coefficient  5.472176E−13

Aspheric data of the surface number 18 are as follows.

Conic constant     −1E+00 Fourth-order coefficient −9.067839E−05 Sixth-order coefficient 0 Eighth-order coefficient 0 Tenth-order coefficient 0

Aspheric data of the surface number 19 are as follows.

Conic constant    −8.8E−01 Fourth-order coefficient −5.124337E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  8.250618E−08 Eighth-order coefficient  −8.04982E−11 Tenth-order coefficient 0

Aspheric data of the surface number 29 are as follows.

Conic constant −7.854261E+01 Fourth-order coefficient 1.117938E−05 Sixth-order coefficient −4.392964E−09 Eighth-order coefficient −1.552816E−11 Tenth-order coefficient −1.508818E−15 Twelfth-order 2.210216E−17 coefficient Fourteenth-order −8.140301E−21 coefficient

Aspheric data of the surface number 30 are as follows.

Conic constant  2.047967E+00 Fourth-order coefficient −3.292408E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  3.055446E−08 Eighth-order coefficient −2.077281E−11 Tenth-order coefficient  2.14935E−14 Twelfth-order −2.539946E−17 coefficient Fourteenth-order  2.403648E−20 coefficient

Aspheric data of the surface number 31 are as follows.

Conic constant 0 Fourth-order coefficient 1.258824E−05 Sixth-order coefficient 3.935005E−09 Eighth-order coefficient −1.154515E−11 Tenth-order coefficient 2.202788E−14 Twelfth-order 0 coefficient Fourteenth-order 0 coefficient

Aspheric data of the surface number 33 are as follows.

Conic constant     −1E+00 Fourth-order coefficient 4.920678E−06 Sixth-order coefficient −5.820738E−09  Eighth-order coefficient 6.336457E−12 Tenth-order coefficient 1.339523E−14 Twelfth-order −3.33883E−17 coefficient Fourteenth-order 2.827146E−20 coefficient

Aspheric data of the surface number 35 are as follows.

Conic constant 0 Fourth-order coefficient −1.223012E−06 Sixth-order coefficient −3.111316E−08 Eighth-order coefficient 9.115488E−11 Tenth-order coefficient −8.917847E−14 Twelfth-order 0 coefficient Fourteenth-order 0 coefficient

In the projection system 3A according to the present embodiment, the lens 35, which forms the second optical system 32, has the reflective surface 42 with concave shape and the second transmissive surface 43 with a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side. The light fluxes reflected off the reflective surface 42 are refracted by the second transmissive surface 43. Therefore, the projection distance of the projection system 3A is readily shortened, as compared with a case where the second optical system 32 has only the reflective surface 42.

Further, in the present embodiment, an increase in the size of the reflective surface 42, which is disposed on the magnifying side of the intermediate image 33, can be suppressed even in the case of a short projection distance.

The effects described above will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. FIG. 7 describes the magnification of the projection system in the case where the second optical system 32 has only the reflective surface 42 on the magnifying side of the intermediate image 33. FIG. 8 describes the magnification of the projection system in the case where the second optical system 32 has the reflective surface 42 and the second transmissive surface 43 with the convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side on the magnifying side of the intermediate image 33.

In the case where the second optical system 32 has only the reflective surface 42 on the magnifying side of the intermediate image 33, the magnification Q of the projection system is represented by the ratio of T to R, where T is a distance from the reflective surface 42 to the screen S, and R is a distance between the intermediate image 33 and the reflective surface 42 along the optical path of a specific part of the light ray from the intermediate image 33 to the screen S, as shown in FIG. 7. That is, Q=T/R. The intermediate image 33, which is conjugate with the screen S which corresponds to the magnifying-side image formation plane, greatly inclines so that the magnification Q of each of light fluxes is equal and has field curvature due to the inclination. The size of the intermediate image 33 increases as the intermediate image 33 inclines. When the size of the intermediate image 33 increases, it is necessary to increase the size of the reflective surface 42 located at the magnifying side of the intermediate image 33. Therefore, in the projection system having only the concave reflective surface 42 on the magnifying side of the intermediate image 33, shorting the projection distance causes an increase in the size of the reflective surface 42. The size of the intermediate image 33 increases as the intermediate image 33 inclines, as described above. This means that a wider distance between the first optical system 31 and the second optical system 32 is necessary, resulting in an increase in the overall length of the projection system 3A.

In contrast, in the present embodiment, in which the second optical system 32 has the second transmissive surface 43 with the convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side on the magnifying side of the reflective surface 42, an increase in the size of the intermediate image 33 can be suppressed. That is, in the present embodiment, the magnification Q of the projection system 3A is represented by the ratio of T′ to (R1+R2), where T′ is a distance between the second transmissive surface 43 and the screen S, R1 is a distance between the intermediate image 33 and the reflective surface 42 along the optical path of a specific part of the light ray from the intermediate image 33 to the screen S, and R2 is a distance between the reflective surface 42 and the second transmissive surface 43, as shown in FIG. 8. That is, Q=T′/(R1+R2). The intermediate image 33, which is conjugate with the screen S which corresponds to the magnifying-side image formation plane, therefore does not greatly incline and has reduced field curvature. As a result, an increase in the size of the intermediate image 33 can be suppressed. An increase in the size of the reflective surface 42, which is located at the magnifying side of the intermediate image 33, can therefore be suppressed. Further, if the upper-end light flux 51 can be refracted inward when passing through the first transmissive surface 41, the size of the reflective surface 42 can be further reduced. Moreover, the second transmissive surface 43, which has positive power, causes the light flux to be convergent, whereby an increase in the size of the reflective surface 42 can be suppressed, as compared with the case where no second transmissive surface 43 is provided.

Further, in the present embodiment, the magnifying-side lens group LG25, which is located in a position closest to the magnifying side in the first optical system 31, has positive power, as shown in FIG. 5. The principal rays between the first optical system 31 and the second optical system 32 therefore approach each other toward the second optical system 32. Therefore, the intermediate image 33 is readily formed, and the size of the intermediate image 33 can be reduced. The size of the reflective surface 42, which is located at the magnifying side of the intermediate image 33, can therefore be further reduced.

Further, in the present embodiment, the intermediate image 33 is located in the lens 35 between the first transmissive surface 41 and the reflective surface 42. The first optical system 31 can be closer to the lens 35 than in a case where the intermediate image 33 is formed on the demagnifying side of the first transmissive surface 41. The overall length of the projection system 3A can therefore be shortened.

In the present embodiment, the first optical system 31 includes three aspheric lenses. Further, the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 of the second optical system 32 are each an aspheric surface. Aberrations produced by the projection system 3A according to the present embodiment can therefore be suppressed.

Further, in the present embodiment, since the first transmissive surface 41, which is adjacent to the intermediate image 33 on the demagnifying side, is an aspheric surface, aberrations produced in the position of the intermediate image 33 can be suppressed. Moreover, in the present embodiment, since the second optical system 32 has the second transmissive surface 43 with the convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side on the magnifying side of the reflective surface 42, the intermediate image 33 does not greatly incline along the imaginary axis M. In other words, in the present embodiment, the intermediate image 33 extends in the direction perpendicular to the imaginary axis M. Therefore, according to the present embodiment, the first transmissive surface 41 and the intermediate image 33 can readily approach each other in the axis-Z direction, whereby the aspheric surface can be disposed in a position close to the intermediate image 33. Aberrations produced in the position of the intermediate image 33 can therefore be efficiently corrected.

In the present embodiment, the lens 35, which forms the second optical system 32, satisfies the following conditional expressions (1) to (4), as shown in FIG. 6. 0°<θ<90°+γ  (1) 90°<θ  (2) 0°<η<90°+γ  (3) 90°<η  (4)

θ: Inclination angle over which an end of the imaginary line P facing the upper intersection 53 rotates counterclockwise relative to the imaginary vertical line V around the intersection of the imaginary vertical line V and the imaginary line P

η: Inclination angle over which an end of the pupil 44 facing the first intersection rotates counterclockwise relative to the imaginary vertical line V around the intersection of the imaginary vertical line V and the pupil 44

γ: Angle from the imaginary axis M to the lower peripheral light ray 52 b passing through the effective range 50 of the second transmissive surface 43 and intersects the imaginary axis M

That is, in the present embodiment, the imaginary line P inclines by 98.77° with respect to the imaginary vertical line V. Therefore, θ=98.77°, which satisfies the conditional expressions (1) and (2) are satisfied. Further, in the present embodiment, the pupil 44 of the lens inclines by 103.315° with respect to the imaginary vertical line V. Therefore, η=103.315°, which satisfies the conditional expressions (3) and (4).

In the present embodiment, in which the conditional expression (1) is satisfied, the imaginary line P inclines with respect to the imaginary vertical line V. In a case where θ=0°, the imaginary line P is perpendicular to the imaginary axis M. That is, the imaginary line P is perpendicular to the design reference axis. Further, in the present embodiment, in which the conditional expression (3) is satisfied, the pupil 44 inclines with respect to the imaginary vertical line V. In a case where η=0°, the pupil 44 is perpendicular to the imaginary axis M. In a case where at least one of θ in the conditional expression (1) and η in the conditional expression (3) is greater than the upper limit, the lower-end light flux 52 is blocked. In the present embodiment, in which the conditional expressions (1) and (3) are satisfied, the lower-end light flux 52 passing through the lower end of the effective range 50 of the second transmissive surface 43 is not blocked but reaches the screen S.

Further, since the lens 35 according to the present embodiment satisfies the conditional expression (1), a decrease of brightness at the upper periphery of the screen S can be suppressed, as compared with a case where the imaginary line P is parallel to the imaginary vertical line V.

That is, in the case where the imaginary line P is perpendicular to the imaginary axis M, that is, θ=0°, a divergence angle θ0 of a light flux that reaches an upper portion of the screen S decreases as the angle of view on the magnifying side increases. The divergence angle θ0 is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Further, the difference in the divergence angle θ0 between the light flux that reaches the upper portion of the screen S and a light flux that reaches a lower portion of the screen S increases. As a result, the amount of light at the upper periphery of the screen S is smaller than the amount of light at the lower periphery of the screen S.

On the other hand, in the present embodiment, in which the conditional expression (1) is satisfied, the imaginary line P inclines with respect to the imaginary vertical line V. As a result, the divergence angle θ0 of the light flux that reaches the upper portion of the screen S increases. The amount of light that reaches the upper portion of the screen S therefore increases. Further, when the divergence angle θ0 of the light flux that reaches the upper portion of the screen S increases, the difference in the divergence angle θ0 between the light flux that reaches the upper portion of the image formation plane and the light flux that reaches the lower portion of the image formation plane decreases. The situation in which the amount of light at the upper periphery of the screen S is smaller than the amount of light at the lower periphery of the screen S can therefore be suppressed.

In addition to the above, since the lens 35 according to the present embodiment satisfies the conditional expression (2), the divergence angle θ0 of the light flux that reaches the lower portion of the screen S decreases. The difference in the divergence angle θ0 between the light flux that reaches the upper portion of the screen S and the light flux that reaches the lower portion of the screen S therefore decreases, whereby the difference in the amount of light between the upper portion and the lower portion of the screen S can be suppressed.

FIG. 9 shows an MTF of the projection system 3A on the magnifying side. The MTF was calculated under the following conditions: The image formation planes were divided along the axis Y; and the resultant halves were each divided into 11 areas. Light rays used in the calculation of the MTF are so weighted that the weighting ratio among light rays having a wavelength of 620 nm, light rays having a wavelength of 550 nm, and light rays having a wavelength of 470 nm is 2:7:1. The horizontal axis of FIG. 9, which shows the MTF, represents the spatial frequency. A spatial frequency of 0.24 cycles corresponds to a resolution of 16.7 μm. The vertical axis of FIG. 9 represents a contrast reproduction ratio. In the present embodiment, a decrease in resolution is suppressed, as shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 10 is a spot diagram showing spots produced by the projection system 3A. In the present embodiment, variation in the size of the spots is suppressed, as shown in FIG. 10.

Comparative Embodiment

The fact that the projection system 3A can provide the effect of suppressing an increase in the size of the concave reflective surface 42 disposed on the magnifying side of the intermediate image 33 even in the case of a short projection distance will be shown below as compared with Comparative Embodiment.

Comparative Embodiment relates to a projection system in which the second optical system is formed only of a reflection mirror having a reflective surface. FIG. 11 is a light ray diagram of the projection system according to Comparative Embodiment. FIG. 12 is a light ray diagram of the projection system according to Comparative Embodiment enlarged. FIG. 11 diagrammatically shows 11 light fluxes F1 to F11, which exit out of a projection system 100 according to Comparative Embodiment and reach the screen S. The light flux F1 is a light flux that reaches the lowest image height position. The light flux F11 is a light flux that reaches the highest image height position. The light fluxes F2 to F10 are light fluxes that reach height positions between the height position that the light flux F1 reaches and the height position that the light flux F11 reaches. The projection system 100 according to Comparative Embodiment has a configuration corresponding to the projection system described in JP-A-2010-20344 having been described as related art. The projection system 100 according to Comparative Embodiment further has a configuration corresponding to the projection system 3A in the embodiment described above, and the corresponding components have the same reference characters in the following description.

The projection system 100 according to the present embodiment is formed of the first optical system 31 and the second optical system 32 sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, as shown in FIG. 11. The projection system 100 forms the intermediate image 33 in a position between the demagnifying-side image formation plane and the magnifying-side image formation plane, as shown in FIG. 12. The first optical system 31 is a refractive optical system including a plurality of lenses. The second optical system 32 is a reflection mirror 101 having a reflective surface. The liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B of the image formation section 2 are disposed in the demagnifying-side image formation plane. FIGS. 11 and 12 show the liquid crystal panel 18G, which is one of the three liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B. The liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B form projection images on one side of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31 in the demagnifying-side image formation plane. The screen S is disposed in the magnifying-side image formation plane. The intermediate image 33 is formed on the other side of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. A final image projected on the screen S has an oblong shape elongated in the lateral direction. In the present embodiment, the final image has the aspect ratio of 16:10.

The first optical system 31 includes the cross dichroic prism 19 and the first lens L1 to the fifteenth lens L15, which form 15 lenses, as shown in FIG. 12. The first lens L1 to the fifteenth lens L15 are arranged in the presented order from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. In the present embodiment, the second lens L2 and the third lens L3 are bonded to each other to form the first doublet L21. The fourth lens L4 and the fifth lens L5 are bonded to each other to form the second doublet L22. The eleventh lens L11 and the twelfth lens L12 are bonded to each other to form the third doublet L23. The stop O is disposed between the seventh lens L7 and the eighth lens L8. In the present embodiment, the sixth lens L6, the ninth lens L9, and the fifteenth lens L15 are three lenses that are each an aspheric lens having aspheric surfaces on both surfaces.

In the first optical system 31, the fifteenth lens L15, which is located in a position closest to the magnifying side, has negative power. The principal rays between the first optical system 31 and the second optical system 32 separate away from each other toward the second optical system 32.

The second optical system 32 is formed of the reflection mirror 101 having the reflective surface 42. The reflective surface 42 is located at the lower side Y2 of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. The reflective surface 42 is so shaped that the cross-sectional shape in the plane YZ shown in FIG. 12 is rotated around the optical axis N over the angular range of 90° toward one side and the other side of the axis-X direction. The reflective surface 42 is an aspheric surface.

The intermediate image 33 is formed in a position between the fifteenth lens L15 of the first optical system 31 and the reflection mirror 101 of the second optical system 32. The intermediate image 33, which is conjugate with the screen S which corresponds to the magnifying-side image formation plane, greatly inclines so that the magnification Q of each of light fluxes is equal, as shown in FIG. 12. The intermediate image 33 is a conjugate image that is an inverted final image turned upside down. The intermediate image 33 is so distorted that an oblong final image is projected on the screen S, which is the magnifying-side image formation plane. More specifically, the intermediate image 33 has a shape that allows reduction in trapezoidal distortion of the final image formed on the screen S. That is, the intermediate image 33 has distortion opposite the trapezoidal distortion of the final image. The intermediate image 33 is therefore so formed that the shortest edge thereof is the edge having the highest image height on the screen S.

Lens Data

Data on the lenses of the projection system 100 are as follows: The surfaces of the lenses are numbered sequentially from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. A surface having a surface number with * is an aspheric surface. The surface number 1 represents the demagnifying-side surface of the cross dichroic prism 19, and the surface number 2 represents the magnifying-side surface thereof. The fields labeled with the surface number 20 show dummy data. The reference characters given in the first optical system 31 are the reference characters of the lenses thereof. The row of the reference character represents the reference character of the reflective surface 42. That is, the surface number 32 represents the reflective surface 42 of the reflection mirror 101. Reference character r denotes the radius of curvature in millimeters. Reference character d denotes the on-axis inter-surface distance in millimeters. Reference character nd denotes the refractive index. Reference character νd denotes the Abbe number. Reference character Y denotes the effective radius in the axis-Y direction. Reference character X denotes the effective radius in the axis-X direction.

Surface Reference number character r d nd vd Y X Object 0 9.5 plane  1 0 25.91 1.516331 64.14 13.149 13.149  2 0 0 15.92 15.92  3 L1 28.94031 9.6 1.497 81.55 16.8 16.8  4 −72.35054 0.2 16.597 16.597  5 L2 28.00787 7.6 1.497 81.55 14.95 14.95  6 L3 −80.72822 1.2 1.805181 25.43 14.201 14.201  7 84.18233 0.2 13.279 13.279  8 L4 23.1621 10.5 1.516331 64.14 12.332 12.332  9 L5 −18.39049 1.2 1.903658 31.32 10.829 10.829  10 49.86134 0.2 10.088 10.088 *11 L6 22.23222 1.4 1.589131 61.15 10.088 10.088 *12 14.51177 0.5 9.871 9.871  13 L7 18.70105 4 1.487491 70.24 9.984 9.984  14 85.77957 2.5 9.744 9.744 Stop 0 2.657363 9.434 9.434 plane  16 L8 26.25511 4.2 1.84666 23.78 9.973 9.973  17 −72.32644 2.804685 9.8 9.8 *18 L9 −285.96073 1.8 1.743198 49.3 9.312 9.312 *19 20.09443 3 9.563 9.563  20 dummy 0 11.16296 10 10  21 L10 294.94797 3.8 1.761821 26.52 16.702 16.702  22 −185.55163 0.2 17.394 17.394  23 L11 88.77106 11.7 1.654115 39.68 18.691 18.691  24 L12 −32.58663 2 1.805181 25.43 19.198 19.198  25 −207.71339 7.258462 20.588 20.588  26 L13 47.46195 11 1.581439 40.75 24.7 24.7  27 −286.50997 1.90653 24.527 24.527  28 L14 −162.79029 2 1.805181 25.43 24.367 24.367  29 86.54168 13.837579 24.298 24.298 *30 L15 278 2.8 1.531132 55.75 26.772 26.772 *31 32.7897 112.362421 28.077 28.077 *32 42 −53.40115 −501 59.723 59.723  33 0 0 1450.989 1450.989 Image 0 0 1450.989 1450.989 plane

As shown in the lens data, the field of the on-axis inter-surface distance d labeled with the surface number 32 shows the distance between the screen S and the reflective surface 42. The field of the on-axis inter-surface distance d labeled with the surface number 32 therefore shows the projection distance f of the projection system 100. In the present embodiment, f=501 mm. In the present embodiment, the effective radius of the reflective surface 42 is 59.723 mm in the axis-Y direction and 59.723 mm in the axis-X direction.

Aspheric data of the surface number 11 are as follows.

Conic constant 1.891766E+00 Fourth-order coefficient −3.21888E−04 Sixth-order coefficient 1.748382E−06 Eighth-order coefficient −4.334786E−09  Tenth-order coefficient 0

Aspheric data of the surface number 12 are as follows.

Conic constant −1.715462E+00 Fourth-order coefficient −2.456905E−04 Sixth-order coefficient 2.077486E−06 Eighth-order coefficient −8.095391E−09 Tenth-order coefficient 1.652912E−11

Aspheric data of the surface number 18 are as follows.

Conic constant −1E+00 Fourth-order coefficient −9E−05 Sixth-order coefficient 0 Eighth-order coefficient 0 Tenth-order coefficient 0

Aspheric data of the surface number 19 are as follows.

Conic constant −5.793922E−01 Fourth-order coefficient  −5.29339E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  1.037748E−07 Eighth-order coefficient −1.806724E−10 Tenth-order coefficient 0

Aspheric data of the surface number 30 are as follows.

Conic constant      9E+01 Fourth-order coefficient −6.930833E−06 Sixth-order coefficient  2.131125E−08 Eighth-order coefficient −4.144247E−11 Tenth-order coefficient  3.842719E−14 Twelfth-order −1.672012E−17 coefficient

Aspheric data of the surface number 31 are as follows.

Conic constant 0 Fourth-order coefficient −2.83341E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  3.95412E−08 Eighth-order coefficient −6.268725E−11  Tenth-order coefficient 5.533984E−14 Twelfth-order −2.65766E−17 coefficient Fourteenth-order 2.765817E−21 coefficient

Aspheric data of the surface number 32 are as follows.

Conic constant −9.858117E−01 Fourth-order coefficient 1.107991E−07 Sixth-order coefficient 3.623153E−11 Eighth-order coefficient −6.165432E−14 Tenth-order coefficient 2.288554E−17 Twelfth-order −4.232985E−21 coefficient Fourteenth-order 3.064401E−25 coefficient

FIG. 13 shows an MTF of the projection system 100 according to Comparative Embodiment on the magnifying side. FIG. 14 is a spot diagram showing spots produced by the projection system 100 according to Comparative Embodiment.

The projection distance of the projection system 100 according to Comparative Embodiment is f=501 mm, as shown in the lens data. In the projection system 100 according to Comparative Embodiment, the effective radius of the reflective surface 42 is 59.723 mm in the axis-Y direction and 59.723 mm in the axis-X direction. In contrast, the projection distance of the projection system 3A according to Embodiment 1 is f=466.75 mm. On the other hand, in the projection system 3A according to Embodiment 1, the effective radius of the reflective surface 42 is 21.22 mm in the axis-X direction and 21.22 mm in the axis-Y direction. The projection system 3A according to Embodiment 1 therefore allows suppression of an increase in the size of the reflective surface 42 even in the case of a short projection distance.

Embodiment 2

FIG. 15 is a light ray diagram of a projection system according to Embodiment 2 of the present disclosure. FIG. 16 is a light ray diagram of the projection system according to Embodiment 2 enlarged. FIG. 17 is a light ray diagram with a portion including a second optical system of the projection system according to Embodiment 1 enlarged. FIG. 15 diagrammatically shows the 11 light fluxes F1 to F11, which exit out of a projection system 3B and reach the screen S. The light flux F1 is a light flux that reaches the lowest image height position. The light flux F11 is a light flux that reaches the highest image height position. The light fluxes F2 to F10 are light fluxes that reach height positions between the height position that the light flux F1 reaches and the height position that the light flux F11 reaches. The projection system 3B according to the present embodiment has a configuration corresponding to the projection system 3A in the embodiment described above, and the corresponding components therefore have the same reference characters in the description.

The projection system 3B according to the present embodiment is formed of the first optical system 31 and the second optical system 32 sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, as shown in FIG. 15. The projection system 3B forms the intermediate image 33 in a position between the demagnifying-side image formation plane and the magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system 3B, as shown in FIG. 16.

The first optical system 31 is a refractive optical system including a plurality of lenses. The second optical system 32 is a lens 35. The liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B of the image formation section 2 are disposed in the demagnifying-side image formation plane. FIGS. 15 and 16 show the liquid crystal panel 18G, which is one of the three liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B. The liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B form projection images on one side of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31 in the demagnifying-side image formation plane. The screen S is disposed in the magnifying-side image formation plane.

The intermediate image 33 is formed in the second optical system 32, that is, the lens 35. The intermediate image 33 is formed on the other side of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. A final image projected on the screen S has an oblong shape elongated in the lateral direction. In the present embodiment, the final image has the aspect ratio of 16:10.

The first optical system 31 includes the cross dichroic prism 19 and a first lens L1 to a fifteenth lens L15, which form 15 lenses, as shown in FIG. 16. The first lens L1 to the fifteenth lens L15 are arranged in the presented order from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. In the present embodiment, the second lens L2 and the third lens L3 are bonded to each other to form the first doublet L21. The fourth lens L4 and the fifth lens L5 are bonded to each other to form the second doublet L22. The eleventh lens L11 and the twelfth lens L12 are bonded to each other to form the third doublet L23. The thirteenth lens L13 and the fourteenth lens L14 are bonded to each other to form the fourth doublet L24. In the present embodiment, the first lens L1 to the fifteenth lens L15, which form the first optical system 31, are each a spherical lens.

In the first optical system 31, the fifteenth lens L15, which is located in a position closest to the magnifying side, has positive power. In the first optical system 31, the magnifying-side lens group LG25, which is located in a position closest to the second optical system 32, has positive power. The magnifying-side lens group LG25 is formed of three lenses arranged from the side facing the second optical system 32. That is, the thirteenth lens L13, the fourteenth lens L14, and the fifteenth lens L15 form the magnifying-side lens group LG25. Since the magnifying-side lens group LG25 has positive power in the first optical system 31, the principal rays between the first optical system 31 and the second optical system 32 approach each other toward the second optical system 32.

The lens 35, which forms the second optical system 32, is made of resin. The lens 35 has the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, as shown in FIG. 17. In the case where the lens 35 is made of resin, the lens 35 can be manufactured in injection molding. The lens 35 having a complicated shape is therefore readily manufactured.

Also, in the following description of the present embodiment, three axes perpendicular to one another are called the axes X, Y, and Z for convenience. A first direction in which the first transmissive surface 41 and the reflective surface 42 are arranged is called the axis-Z direction. A second direction, which is called an axis-y direction, coincides with the vertical direction of the screen S. One side of the axis Y is called the upper side Y1, and the other side of the axis Y is called the lower side Y2. A first plane perpendicular to the axis X and containing the axes Y and Z is called the plane YZ. FIGS. 15 to 17 therefore each show the plane YZ. The optical axis N of the first optical system 31 extends in the axis-Z direction. The image formation section 2 forms a projection image on the upper side Y1 of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. The intermediate image 33 is formed on the lower side Y2 of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. The lateral direction of the screen S coincides with a third direction, which is called the axis-X direction. In the following description, the imaginary axis M extending in the axis-Z direction is set in the plane YZ. The imaginary axis M is the reference axis used in the design of the lens 35. The imaginary axis M is perpendicular to the screen S, which is the magnifying-side image formation plane. The imaginary axis M is substantially perpendicular to the screen S in some cases.

The first transmissive surface 41 and the reflective surface 42 are located at the lower side Y2 of the imaginary axis M. The second transmissive surface 43 is located at the upper side Y1 of the imaginary axis M. The reflective surface 42 has a concave shape. The reflective surface 42 therefore has positive power. The reflective surface 42 is provided by externally forming a reflective coating on the lens 35. The second transmissive surface 43 has a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side. The second transmissive surface 43 therefore has positive power. The first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 form a coaxial optical system having surfaces rotationally symmetric with respect to the imaginary axis M. Therefore, the imaginary axis M is the reference axis used in the design of the lens 35 and is the optical axis of the lens 35. In the present embodiment, the imaginary axis M coincides with the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. The imaginary axis M may not necessarily coincide with the optical axis N of the first optical system 31.

The upper and lower halves of the lens 35 are each configured to be rotationally symmetric with respect to the imaginary axis M. That is, the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 are so shaped that the cross-sectional shape in the plane YZ shown in FIG. 17 is rotated around the imaginary axis M over the angular range of 90° toward one side and the other side of the axis-X direction. In the present embodiment, the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 are each an aspheric surface.

The imaginary line P can be specified in the lens 35 of the second optical system 32, as shown in FIG. 17. The imaginary line P connects the upper intersection 53 to the lower intersection 54, the upper intersection 53 being an intersection where the upper peripheral light ray 51 a of the upper-end light flux 51, where the upper-end light flux 51 is the light flux passing through the axis-Y-direction upper end of the effective range 50 of the second transmissive surface 43, and the upper peripheral light ray 52 a of the lower-end light flux 52, where the lower-end light flux 52 is the light flux passing through the axis-Y-direction lower end of the effective range 50, intersect with each other in the plane YZ, and the lower intersection 54 being an intersection where the lower peripheral light ray 51 b of the upper-end light flux 51 and the lower peripheral light ray 52 b of the lower-end light flux 52 intersect with each other in the plane YZ. The imaginary line P inclines by 96.64° with respect to the imaginary vertical line V, which is perpendicular to the imaginary axis M in the plane YZ. Further, in the lens 35 of the second optical system 32, the upper peripheral light ray 51 a of the upper-end light flux 51 travels from the second transmissive surface 43 toward the reflective surface 42, and the point where the upper peripheral light ray 51 a intersects another light ray reflected off the reflective surface 42 for the first time is called the first intersection. Similarly, the lower peripheral light ray 52 b of the lower-end light flux 52 travels from the second transmissive surface 43 toward the reflective surface 42, and the point where the lower peripheral light ray 52 b intersects another light ray reflected off the reflective surface 42 for the first time is called the second intersection. Under the above definition, the line that connects the first intersection to the second intersection is named as a pupil 44. In the present embodiment, the pupil 44 inclines by 100.348° with respect to the imaginary vertical line V in the plane YZ. The imaginary axis M, which is the optical axis of the lens 35, is not necessary to pass through the center of the imaginary line P.

The intermediate image 33 is an inverted final image turned upside down. The intermediate image 33 is an image so distorted that an oblong final image is projected on the screen S, which is the magnifying-side image formation plane. More specifically, the intermediate image 33 has a shape that allows reduction in trapezoidal distortion of the final image formed on the screen S. That is, the intermediate image 33 has distortion opposite the trapezoidal distortion of the final image. The intermediate image 33 is therefore so formed that the shortest edge thereof is the edge having the highest image height on the screen S.

Lens Data

Data on the lenses of the projection system 3B are as follows: The surfaces of the lenses are numbered sequentially from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. A surface having a surface number with * is an aspheric surface. The surface number 1 represents the demagnifying-side surface of the cross dichroic prism 19, and the surface number 2 represents the magnifying-side surface thereof. The fields labeled with the surface number 20 show dummy data. The intermediate image 33 is formed in a position between the surface number 31 and the surface number 33. The row of the reference characters represents the reference characters of the lenses thereof. The reference characters given in the second optical system 32 are the reference characters of the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43. That is, the surface number 31 represents the first transmissive surface 41 of the lens 35. The surface number 33 represents the reflective surface 42 of the lens 35. The surface number 35 represents the second transmissive surface 43 of the lens 35. Reference character r denotes the radius of curvature in millimeters. Reference character d denotes the on-axis inter-surface distance in millimeters. Reference character nd denotes the refractive index. Reference character νd denotes the Abbe number. Reference character Y denotes the effective radius in the axis-Y direction. Reference character X denotes the effective radius in the axis-X direction.

Surface Reference number character r d nd vd Y X Object 0 7.125 plane  1 0 19.4325 1.516331 64.14 10.237 10.237  2 0 0.29133 12.974 12.974  3 L1 −291.41008 3.665508 1.700675 28.54 13 13  4 −30.58875 0.15 13.118 13.118  5 L2 87.97506 6.762902 1.437002 95.1 12.773 12.773  6 L3 −19.01953 0.9 1.846579 23.86 12.67 12.67  7 −56.62914 0.15 13.166 13.166  8 L4 64.3433 6.854463 1.516331 64.14 13.218 13.218  9 L5 −23.14892 0.9 1.903658 31.32 13.134 13.134  10 −673.61176 0 13.581 13.581  11 L6 68.20357 7.449857 1.437002 95.1 13.827 13.827  12 −32.37093 32.969471 13.955 13.955  13 L7 0 6 9 9  14 15.69631 1.983635 1.437135 94.92 10.047 10.047 Stop 17.29696 7.423181 9.814 9.814 plane  16 L8 22.66617 3.7217 1.825709 24.28 10.179 10.179  17 519.71825 1.496478 9.907 9.907  18 L9 30.75598 1.4 1.437002 95.1 8.944 8.944  19 14.84402 2.91106 8.107 8.107  20 dummy 0 1.885816 8 8  21 L10 −17.94171 3.372831 1.835309 41.31 8 8  22 −37.88337 2.921753 8.913 8.913  23 L11 44.95773 6.413839 1.5256 71.65 9.921 9.921  24 L12 −15.02119 6.2879 1.846663 23.78 9.99 9.99  25 −64.64749 41.303086 11.656 11.656  26 L13 30.13656 10 1.755001 52.32 23 23  27 L14 45.37156 11.668738 1.590317 63.23 20.45 20.45  28 −77.39811 0.227404 19.09 19.09  29 L15 −83.1086 10 1.846663 23.78 18.642 18.642  30 28.59819 3.217563 14.833 14.833 *31 41 −29.46454 20 1.531132 55.75 14.986 14.986  32 0 0 1.531132 55.75 12.839 12.839 *33 42 −16.13835 0 1.531132 55.75 12.678 12.678  34 0 −20 1.531132 55.75 24.667 24.667 *35 43 12.4031 −290 12.305 12.305 Image 0 0 869.934 869.934 plane

As shown in the lens data, the refractive index nd of the lens 35 is 1.531132, and the Abbe number νd of the lens 35 is 55.75. The field of the on-axis inter-surface distance d labeled with the surface number 35 shows the distance between the screen S and the second transmissive surface 43 of the lens 35. The field of the on-axis inter-surface distance d labeled with the surface number 35 therefore shows the projection distance f of the projection system 3B. In the present embodiment, f=290 mm.

Aspheric data of the surface number 31 are as follows.

Conic constant 0 Fourth-order coefficient  2.54685E−04 Sixth-order coefficient −8.580888E−07 Eighth-order coefficient  2.19535E−09 Tenth-order coefficient −2.461316E−12 Twelfth-order 0 coefficient Fourteenth-order 0 coefficient

Aspheric data of the surface number 33 are as follows.

Conic constant     −1E+00 Fourth-order coefficient  2.969055E−05 Sixth-order coefficient −1.565091E−07 Eighth-order coefficient  1.255633E−09 Tenth-order coefficient −5.109606E−12 Twelfth-order  1.345092E−14 coefficient Fourteenth-order  −1.73251E−17 coefficient

Aspheric data of the surface number 35 are as follows.

Conic constant 0 Fourth-order coefficient −2.946854E−05 Sixth-order coefficient −2.297529E−07 Eighth-order coefficient 2.645623E−09 Tenth-order coefficient −1.009952E−11 Twelfth-order 0 coefficient Fourteenth-order 0 coefficient

The present embodiment can also provide the same effects as those provided by the embodiment described above.

In the present embodiment, the inclination angle θ by which the imaginary line P inclines with respect to the imaginary vertical line V is 96.64°. Therefore, θ=96.64°, which satisfies the conditional expressions (1) and (2) below. Further, the inclination angle η by which the pupil 44 inclines with respect to the imaginary vertical line V is 100.348°. Therefore, η=100.348°, which satisfies the conditional expressions (3) and (4) below. Therefore, the projection apparatus 3B according to the present embodiment allows suppression of the difference in the amount of light between the upper portion and the lower portion of the screen S. 0°<θ<90°+γ  (1) 90°<θ  (2) 0°<η<90°+γ  (3) 90°<η  (4)

θ: Inclination angle over which an end of the imaginary line P facing the upper intersection 53 rotates counterclockwise relative to the imaginary vertical line V around the intersection of the imaginary vertical line V and the imaginary line P

η: Inclination angle over which an end of the pupil 44 facing the first intersection rotates counterclockwise relative to the imaginary vertical line V around the intersection of the imaginary vertical line V and the pupil 44

γ: Angle from the imaginary axis M to the lower peripheral light ray 52 b passing through the effective range 50 of the second transmissive surface 43 and intersects the imaginary axis M

The projection distance of the projection system 3B according to the present embodiment is f=290 mm. In the projection system 3B according to the present embodiment, the effective radius of the reflective surface 42 is 12.678 mm in the axis-X direction and 12.678 mm in the axis-Y direction. The projection system 3B according to the present embodiment therefore allows suppression of an increase in the size of the reflective surface 42 even in the case of a short projection distance.

FIG. 18 shows an MTF of the projection system 3B on the magnifying side. The MTF was calculated under the following conditions: The image formation planes were divided along the axis Y; and the resultant halves were each divided into 11 areas. Light rays used in the calculation of the MTF are so weighted that the weighting ratio among the light rays having the wavelength of 620 nm, the light rays having the wavelength of 550 nm, and the light rays having the wavelength of 470 nm is 2:7:1. The horizontal axis of FIG. 18, which shows the MTF, represents the spatial frequency. The spatial frequency of 0.24 cycles corresponds to the resolution of 16.7 μm. The vertical axis of FIG. 18 represents the contrast reproduction ratio. In the present embodiment, a decrease in resolution is suppressed, as shown in FIG. 18. FIG. 19 is a spot diagram showing spots produced by the projection system 3B. In the present embodiment, variation in the size of the spots is suppressed, as shown in FIG. 19.

In the present embodiment, the first lens L1 to the fifteenth lens L15, which form the first optical system 31, are each a spherical lens but provide satisfactory optical characteristics. That is, in the present embodiment, aberrations produced by the projection system can be satisfactorily suppressed although the first optical system 31, which is a refractive optical system, has no aspheric lens.

Embodiment 3

FIG. 20 is a light ray diagram of a projection system according to Embodiment 3 of the present disclosure. FIG. 21 is a light ray diagram of the projection system according to Embodiment 3 enlarged. FIG. 22 is a light ray diagram with a portion including a second optical system of the projection system according to Embodiment 3 enlarged. FIG. 20 diagrammatically shows the 11 light fluxes F1 to F11, which exit out of a projection system 3C and reach the screen S. The light flux F1 is a light flux that reaches the lowest image height position. The light flux F11 is a light flux that reaches the highest image height position. The light fluxes F2 to F10 are light fluxes that reach height positions between the height position that the light flux F1 reaches and the height position that the light flux F11 reaches. The projection system 3C according to the present embodiment has a configuration corresponding to those in the embodiments described above, and the corresponding components therefore have the same reference characters in the description. Further, the same configurations in the embodiments described above will not be described.

The projection system 3C according to the present embodiment is formed of the first optical system 31 and the second optical system 32 sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, as shown in FIG. 20. The projection system 3C forms the intermediate image 33 in a position between the demagnifying-side image formation plane and the magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system 3C, as shown in FIG. 21.

The intermediate image 33 is formed in the second optical system 32, that is, a lens 35. The intermediate image 33 is formed on the other side of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. A final image projected on the screen S has an oblong shape elongated in the lateral direction. In the present embodiment, the final image has the aspect ratio of 16:10.

The first optical system 31 includes the cross dichroic prism 19 and the first lens L1 to the fifteenth lens L15, which form 15 lenses, as shown in FIG. 21. The first lens L1 to the fifteenth lens L15 are arranged in the presented order from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. In the present embodiment, the second lens L2 and the third lens L3 are bonded to each other to form the first doublet L21. The fourth lens L4 and the fifth lens L5 are bonded to each other to form the second doublet L22. The tenth lens L10 and the eleventh lens L11 are bonded to each other to form the third doublet L23. The twelfth lens L12 and the thirteenth lens L13 are bonded to each other to form the fourth doublet L24. In the present embodiment, out of the lenses that form the first optical system 31, the sixth lens L6, the ninth lens L9, and the fifteenth lens L15 are each an aspheric lens, and the other lenses are each a spherical lens. The lenses that form the first optical system 31 may instead each be formed of a spherical lens.

In the first optical system 31, the fifteenth lens L15, which is located in a position closest to the magnifying side, has positive power. In the first optical system 31, the magnifying-side lens group LG25, which is located in a position closest to the second optical system 32, has positive power. The magnifying-side lens group LG25 is formed of the fourteenth lens L14 and the fifteenth lens L15. Since the magnifying-side lens group LG25 has positive power in the first optical system 31, the principal rays between the first optical system 31 and the second optical system 32 approach each other toward the second optical system 32.

The lens 35, which forms the second optical system 32, is made of resin. The lens 35 has the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, as shown in FIG. 22. In the case where the lens 35 is made of resin, the lens 35 can be manufactured in injection molding. The lens 35 having a complicated shape is therefore readily manufactured.

Also, in the present embodiment, the coordinate axes are set in the same manner as in the embodiments described above. Further, also in the following description, the imaginary axis M is the reference axis used in the design of the lens 35. The imaginary axis M is perpendicular to the screen S, which is the magnifying-side image formation plane. The imaginary axis M is substantially perpendicular to the screen S in some cases.

The first transmissive surface 41 and the reflective surface 42 are located at the lower side Y2 of the imaginary axis M. The second transmissive surface 43 is located at the upper side Y1 of the imaginary axis M. The reflective surface 42 has a concave shape. The reflective surface 42 therefore has positive power. The reflective surface 42 is provided by externally forming a reflective coating on the lens 35. The second transmissive surface 43 has a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side. The second transmissive surface 43 therefore has positive power. The first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 form a coaxial optical system having surfaces rotationally symmetric with respect to the imaginary axis M. Therefore, the imaginary axis M is the reference axis used in the design of the lens 35 and is the optical axis of the lens 35. In the present embodiment, the imaginary axis M coincides with the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. The imaginary axis M may not necessarily coincide with the optical axis N of the first optical system 31.

The upper and lower halves of the lens 35 are each configured to be rotationally symmetric with respect to the imaginary axis M. That is, the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 are so shaped that the cross-sectional shape in the plane YZ shown in FIG. 22 is rotated around the imaginary axis M over the angular range of 90° toward one side and the other side of the axis-X direction. In the present embodiment, the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 are each an aspheric surface.

The imaginary line P can be specified in the lens 35 of the second optical system 32, as shown in FIG. 22. The imaginary line P connects the upper intersection 53 to the lower intersection 54, the upper intersection 53 being an intersection where the upper peripheral light ray 51 a of the upper-end light flux 51, where the upper-end light flux 51 is the light flux passing through the axis-Y-direction upper end of the effective range 50 of the second transmissive surface 43, and the upper peripheral light ray 52 a of the lower-end light flux 52, where the lower-end light flux 52 is the light flux passing through the axis-Y-direction lower end of the effective range 50, intersect with each other in the plane YZ, and the lower intersection 54 being an intersection where the lower peripheral light ray 51 b of the upper-end light flux 51 and the lower peripheral light ray 52 b of the lower-end light flux 52 intersect with each other in the plane YZ. In the present embodiment, the imaginary line P inclines by 97.74° with respect to the imaginary vertical line V, which is perpendicular to the imaginary axis M in the plane YZ. Further, in the lens 35 of the second optical system 32, the upper peripheral light ray 51 a of the upper-end light flux 51 travels from the second transmissive surface 43 toward the reflective surface 42, and the point where the upper peripheral light ray 51 a intersects another light ray reflected off the reflective surface 42 for the first time is called the first intersection. Similarly, the lower peripheral light ray 52 b of the lower-end light flux 52 travels from the second transmissive surface 43 toward the reflective surface 42, and the point where the lower peripheral light ray 52 b intersects another light ray reflected off the reflective surface 42 for the first time is called the second intersection. Under the above definition, the line that connects the first intersection to the second intersection is named as a pupil 44. In the present embodiment, the pupil 44 inclines by 103.93° with respect to the imaginary vertical line V in the plane YZ.

The intermediate image 33 is an inverted final image turned upside down. The intermediate image 33 is an image so distorted that an oblong final image is projected on the screen S, which is the magnifying-side image formation plane. More specifically, the intermediate image 33 is so distorted as to cancel the distortion produced by the second optical system 32 so that the trapezoidal distortion of the final image formed on the screen S decreases. That is, the intermediate image 33 has distortion opposite the trapezoidal distortion of the final image. The intermediate image 33 is therefore so formed that the shortest edge thereof is the edge having the highest image height on the screen S.

Lens Data

Data on the lenses of the projection system 3C are as follows: The surfaces of the lenses are numbered sequentially from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. A surface having a surface number with * is an aspheric surface. The surface number 1 represents the demagnifying-side surface of the cross dichroic prism 19, and the surface number 2 represents the magnifying-side surface thereof. The row of the reference characters represents the reference characters of the lenses thereof. The reference characters given in the second optical system 32 are the reference characters of the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43. That is, the surface number 29 represents the first transmissive surface 41 of the lens 35. The surface number 31 represents the reflective surface 42 of the lens 35. The surface number 33 represents the second transmissive surface 43 of the lens 35. Reference character r denotes the radius of curvature in millimeters. Reference character d denotes the on-axis inter-surface distance in millimeters. Reference character nd denotes the refractive index. Reference character νd denotes the Abbe number. Reference character Y denotes the effective radius in the axis-Y direction. Reference character X denotes the effective radius in the axis-X direction.

Surface Reference number character r d nd vd Y X Object 0 9.5 plane  1 0 25.91 1.51633 64.14 13.806 13.806  2 0 0 17.538 17.538  3 L1 30.66626 10.398215 1.642947 58.64 19 19  4 −98.82479 0.1 18.725 18.725  5 L2 31.47401 10.907936 1.532449 47.06 16.268 16.268  6 L3 −29.14613 0.9 1.846551 23.88 15.353 15.353  7 −109.24868 0.1 14.457 14.457  8 L4 18.90506 8.366757 1.440532 90.6 11.564 11.564  9 L5 −23.45512 2.394143 1.841404 29.55 10.378 10.378  10 76.54712 2.180012 8.986 8.986 *11 L6 −28.52627 8 1.84133 29.65 8.869 8.869 *12 48.93629 1.220916 8.193 8.193 Stop L7 26.28885 5 1.437001 95.1 7.716 7.716 plane  14 45.09823 12.233959 8.2 8.2  15 L8 −150.87431 7.221167 1.845819 24.55 17.096 17.096  16 −28.43438 19.451476 17.914 17.914 *17 L9 27.31547 6 1.531131 55.75 22.803 22.803 *18 23.24316 3.756493 25.218 25.218  19 L10 75.10348 15 1.487489 70.44 26.918 26.918  20 L11 −50.52584 2 1.846663 23.78 27.009 27.009  21 −115.09535 0.1 27.983 27.983  22 L12 89.00944 12 1.499021 76.62 28.568 28.568  23 L13 −84.73782 8 1.846663 23.78 28.411 28.411  24 137.31138 5 28.655 28.655  25 L14 85.69705 12 1.549983 67.99 30.314 30.314  26 −154.25872 9.093339 30.31 30.31 *27 L15 485.02001 8 1.531131 55.75 27.967 27.967 *28 31.34185 7.83338 25.384 25.384 *29 41 −92.52796 26 1.509398 56.47 22.114 22.114  30 0 0 1.509398 56.47 16.37 16.37 *31 42 −22.23699 0 1.509398 56.47 16.008 16.008  32 0 −26 1.509398 56.47 24.459 24.459 *33 43 20 −444 19.843 19.843 Image 0 0 1463.027 1463.027 plane

As shown in the lens data, the refractive index nd of the lens 35 is 1.509398, and the Abbe number νd of the lens 35 is 56.47. The field of the on-axis inter-surface distance d labeled with the surface number 33 shows the distance between the screen S and the second transmissive surface 43 of the lens 35. The field of the on-axis inter-surface distance d labeled with the surface number 33 therefore shows the projection distance f of the projection system 3C. In the present embodiment, f=444 mm. Further, in the present embodiment, the effective radius of the reflective surface 42 is 16.008 mm in the axis-Y direction and 16.008 mm in the axis-X direction.

Aspheric data of the surface number 11 are as follows.

Conic constant   1.568E+00 Fourth-order coefficient −1.223449E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  4.897519E−07 Eighth-order coefficient −9.903867E−10

Aspheric data of the surface number 12 are as follows.

Conic constant    −1.3E+00 Fourth-order coefficient  1.916784E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  2.58057E−07 Eighth-order coefficient −4.731664E−10

Aspheric data of the surface number 17 are as follows.

Conic constant     −1E+00 Fourth-order coefficient −2.948697E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  2.641744E−09 Eighth-order coefficient  2.077529E−13 Tenth-order coefficient −1.336104E−14

Aspheric data of the surface number 18 are as follows.

Conic constant    −8.8E−01 Fourth-order coefficient −3.854004E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  2.313839E−08 Eighth-order coefficient −1.744829E−11 Tenth-order coefficient  7.544078E−15

Aspheric data of the surface number 27 are as follows.

Conic constant      9E+01 Fourth-order coefficient  1.180085E−05 Sixth-order coefficient −6.121714E−09 Eighth-order coefficient  8.493511E−12

Aspheric data of the surface number 28 are as follows.

Conic constant  0 Fourth-order coefficient  −3.50673E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  3.700765E−08 Eighth-order coefficient −2.816039E−12 Tenth-order coefficient −1.810892E−14

Aspheric data of the surface number 29 are as follows.

Conic constant  0 Fourth-order coefficient  4.37256E−05 Sixth-order coefficient −4.402619E−08 Eighth-order coefficient  3.628378E−11 Tenth-order coefficient  8.44907E−15

Aspheric data of the surface number 31 are as follows.

Conic constant −1.192647E+00 Fourth-order coefficient  1.333695E−05 Sixth-order coefficient −3.524652E−08 Eighth-order coefficient  1.148378E−10 Tenth-order coefficient −1.100817E−13

Aspheric data of the surface number 33 are as follows.

Conic constant 0 Fourth-order coefficient −2.192121E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  8.458547E−08 Eighth-order coefficient −1.888281E−10 Tenth-order coefficient  1.917352E−13

The present embodiment can also provide the same effects as those provided by the embodiments described above.

In the present embodiment, the inclination angle θ by which the imaginary line P inclines with respect to the imaginary vertical line V is 97.74°. Therefore, θ=97.74°, which satisfies the conditional expressions (1) and (2) below. Further, the inclination angle η by which the pupil 44 inclines with respect to the imaginary vertical line V is 103.93°. Therefore, η=103.93°, which satisfies the conditional expressions (3) and (4) below. Therefore, the projection apparatus 3C according to the present embodiment allows suppression of the difference in the amount of light between the upper portion and the lower portion of the screen S. 0°<θ<90°+γ  (1) 90°<θ  (2) 0°<η<90°+γ  (3) 90°<η  (4)

θ: Inclination angle over which an end of the imaginary line P facing the upper intersection 53 rotates counterclockwise relative to the imaginary vertical line V around the intersection of the imaginary vertical line V and the imaginary line P

η: Inclination angle over which an end of the pupil 44 facing the first intersection rotates counterclockwise relative to the imaginary vertical line V around the intersection of the imaginary vertical line V and the pupil 44

γ: Angle from the imaginary axis M to the lower peripheral light ray 52 b passing through the effective range 50 of the second transmissive surface 43 and intersects the imaginary axis M

In the projection system 3C according to the present embodiment, the effective radius of the reflective surface 42 is 16.008 mm in the axis-X direction and 16.008 mm in the axis-Y direction. The projection system 3C according to the present embodiment therefore also allows suppression of an increase in the size of the reflective surface 42.

FIG. 23 shows an MTF of the projection system 3C on the magnifying side. The MTF was calculated under the following conditions: The image formation planes were divided along the axis Y; and the resultant halves were each divided into 11 areas. Light rays used in the calculation of the MTF are so weighted that the weighting ratio among the light rays having the wavelength of 620 nm, the light rays having the wavelength of 550 nm, and the light rays having the wavelength of 470 nm is 2:7:1. The horizontal axis of FIG. 23, which shows the MTF, represents the spatial frequency. The spatial frequency of 0.24 cycles corresponds to the resolution of 16.7 μm. The vertical axis of FIG. 23 represents the contrast reproduction ratio. In the present embodiment, a decrease in resolution is suppressed, as shown in FIG. 23. FIG. 24 is a spot diagram showing spots produced by the projection system 3C. In the present embodiment, variation in the size of the spots is suppressed, as shown in FIG. 24.

Embodiment 4

Embodiment 4 of the present disclosure will be described below. Embodiment 4 differs from other embodiments described above in that the image formation section 2 includes a single light modulator 18. The light modulator is also called a display. Embodiments of the light modulator 18 may include a digital mirror device (DMD) and a liquid crystal panel. In this case, the image formation section 2 includes a color wheel for causing the color light, that is, the red light, the green light, and the blue light, to sequentially emit or an optical system for collecting the color lights into spots at specific areas of each pixel of the liquid crystal panel. The color wheel or the optical system for collecting the color lights being disposed on the upstream of the light modulator 18. In the present embodiment, it is unnecessary to combine the color projection images with one another, unlike the embodiments described above. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the projection system has no cross dichroic prism.

FIG. 25 is a light ray diagram of a projection system according to Embodiment 4 of the present disclosure. FIG. 26 is a light ray diagram of the projection system according to Embodiment 4 enlarged. FIG. 27 is a light ray diagram with a portion including a second optical system of the projection system according to Embodiment 4 enlarged. FIG. 25 diagrammatically shows the 11 light fluxes F1 to F11, which exit out of a projection system 3D and reach the screen S. The light flux F1 is a light flux that reaches the lowest image height position. The light flux F11 is a light flux that reaches the highest image height position. The light fluxes F2 to F10 are light fluxes that reach height positions between the height position that the light flux F1 reaches and the height position that the light flux F11 reaches. The projection system 3D according to the present embodiment has a configuration corresponding to those in the embodiments described above, and the corresponding components therefore have the same reference characters in the description. Further, the same configurations in the embodiments described above will not be described.

The projection system 3D according to the present embodiment is formed of the first optical system 31 and the second optical system 32 sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, as shown in FIG. 25. The projection system 3D forms the intermediate image 33 in a position between the demagnifying-side image formation plane and the magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system 3D, as shown in FIG. 26.

The first optical system 31 is a refractive optical system including a plurality of lenses. The second optical system 32 is a lens 35. The light modulator 18 of the image formation section 2 is disposed in the demagnifying-side image formation plane. The light modulator 18 forms the projection images on one side of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31 in the demagnifying-side image formation plane. The screen S is disposed in the magnifying-side image formation plane.

The intermediate image 33 is formed in the second optical system 32, that is, the lens 35. The intermediate image 33 is formed on the other side of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. A final image projected on the screen S has an oblong shape elongated in the lateral direction. In the present embodiment, the final image has the aspect ratio of 16:10.

The first optical system 31 includes the first lens L1 to the fifteenth lens L15, which form 15 lenses, as shown in FIG. 26. In the present embodiment, the first optical system 31 includes no cross dichroic prism. The first lens L1 to the fifteenth lens L15 are arranged in the presented order from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. In the present embodiment, the second lens L2 and the third lens L3 are bonded to each other to form the first doublet L21. The fourth lens L4 and the fifth lens L5 are bonded to each other to form the second doublet L22. The tenth lens L10 and the eleventh lens L11 are bonded to each other to form the third doublet L23. The twelfth lens L12 and the thirteenth lens L13 are bonded to each other to form the fourth doublet L24. In the present embodiment, out of the lenses that form the first optical system 31, the sixth lens L6, the ninth lens L9, and the fifteenth lens L15 are each an aspheric lens, and the other lenses are each a spherical lens. The lenses that form the first optical system 31 may instead each be formed of a spherical lens.

In the first optical system 31, the fifteenth lens L15, which is located in a position closest to the magnifying side, has positive power. In the first optical system 31, the magnifying-side lens group LG25, which is located in a position closest to the second optical system 32, has positive power. The magnifying-side lens group LG25 is formed of the fourteenth lens L14 and the fifteenth lens L15. Since the magnifying-side lens group LG25 has positive power in the first optical system 31, the principal rays between the first optical system 31 and the second optical system 32 approach each other toward the second optical system 32.

The lens 35, which forms the second optical system 32, is made of resin. The lens 35 has the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, as shown in FIG. 27. In the case where the lens 35 is made of resin, the lens 35 can be manufactured in injection molding. The lens 35 having a complicated shape is therefore readily manufactured.

Also, in the following description of the present embodiment, three axes perpendicular to one another are called the axes X, Y, and Z for convenience. A first direction in which the first transmissive surface 41 and the reflective surface 42 are arranged is called the axis-Z direction. A second direction, which is called an axis-y direction, coincides with the vertical direction of the screen S. One side of the axis Y is called the upper side Y1, and the other side of the axis Y is called the lower side Y2. A first plane perpendicular to the axis X and containing the axes Y and Z is called the plane YZ. FIGS. 25 to 27 therefore each show the plane YZ. The optical axis N of the first optical system 31 extends in the axis-Z direction. The image formation section 2 forms the projection images on the upper side Y1 of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. The intermediate image 33 is formed on the lower side Y2 of the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. The lateral direction of the screen S coincides with a third direction, which is called the axis-X direction. In the following description, the imaginary axis M extending in the axis-Z direction is set in the plane YZ. The imaginary axis M is the reference axis used in the design of the lens 35. The imaginary axis M is perpendicular to the screen S, which is the magnifying-side image formation plane. The imaginary axis M is substantially perpendicular to the screen S in some cases.

The first transmissive surface 41 and the reflective surface 42 are located at the lower side Y2 of the imaginary axis M. The second transmissive surface 43 is located at the upper side Y1 of the imaginary axis M. The reflective surface 42 has a concave shape. The reflective surface 42 therefore has positive power. The reflective surface 42 is provided by externally forming a reflective coating on the lens 35. The second transmissive surface 43 has a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side. The second transmissive surface 43 therefore has positive power. The first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 form a coaxial optical system having surfaces rotationally symmetric with respect to the imaginary axis M. Therefore, the imaginary axis M is the reference axis used in the design of the lens 35 and is the optical axis of the lens 35. In the present embodiment, the imaginary axis M coincides with the optical axis N of the first optical system 31. The imaginary axis M may not necessarily coincide with the optical axis N of the first optical system 31.

The upper and lower halves of the lens 35 are each configured to be rotationally symmetric with respect to the imaginary axis M. That is, the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 are so shaped that the cross-sectional shape in the plane YZ shown in FIG. 27 is rotated around the imaginary axis M over the angular range of 90° toward one side and the other side of the axis-X direction. In the present embodiment, the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 are each an aspheric surface.

The imaginary line P can be specified in the lens 35 of the second optical system 32, as shown in FIG. 27. The imaginary line P connects the upper intersection 53 to the lower intersection 54, the upper intersection 53 being an intersection where the upper peripheral light ray 51 a of the upper-end light flux 51, where the upper-end light flux 51 is the light flux passing through the axis-Y-direction upper end of the effective range 50 of the second transmissive surface 43, and the upper peripheral light ray 52 a of the lower-end light flux 52, where the lower-end light flux 52 is the light flux passing through the axis-Y-direction lower end of the effective range 50, intersect with each other in the plane YZ, and the lower intersection 54 being an intersection where the lower peripheral light ray 51 b of the upper-end light flux 51 and the lower peripheral light ray 52 b of the lower-end light flux 52 intersect with each other in the plane YZ. In the present embodiment, the imaginary line P inclines by 100.03° with respect to the imaginary vertical line V, which is perpendicular to the imaginary axis M in the plane YZ. Further, in the lens 35 of the second optical system 32, the upper peripheral light ray 51 a of the upper-end light flux 51 travels from the second transmissive surface 43 toward the reflective surface 42, and the point where the upper peripheral light ray 51 a intersects another light ray reflected off the reflective surface 42 for the first time is called the first intersection. Similarly, the lower peripheral light ray 52 b of the lower-end light flux 52 travels from the second transmissive surface 43 toward the reflective surface 42, and the point where the lower peripheral light ray 52 b intersects another light ray reflected off the reflective surface 42 for the first time is called the second intersection. Under the above definition, the line that connects the first intersection to the second intersection is named as a pupil 44. In the present embodiment, the pupil 44 inclines by 104.34° with respect to the imaginary vertical line V in the plane YZ.

The intermediate image 33 is an inverted final image turned upside down. The intermediate image 33 is an image so distorted that an oblong final image is projected on the screen S, which is the magnifying-side image formation plane. More specifically, the intermediate image 33 is so distorted as to cancel the distortion produced by the second optical system 32 so that the trapezoidal distortion of the final image formed on the screen S decreases. That is, the intermediate image 33 has distortion opposite the trapezoidal distortion of the final image. The intermediate image 33 is therefore so formed that the shortest edge thereof is the edge having the highest image height on the screen S.

Lens Data

Data on the lenses of the projection system 3D are as follows: The surfaces of the lenses are numbered sequentially from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side. A surface having a surface number with * is an aspheric surface. The row of the reference characters represents the reference characters of the lenses thereof. The reference characters given in the second optical system 32 are the reference characters of the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43. That is, the surface number 27 represents the first transmissive surface 41 of the lens 35. The surface number 29 represents the reflective surface 42 of the lens 35. The surface number 31 represents the second transmissive surface 43 of the lens 35. Reference character r denotes the radius of curvature in millimeters. Reference character d denotes the on-axis inter-surface distance in millimeters. Reference character nd denotes the refractive index. Reference character νd denotes the Abbe number. Reference character Y denotes the effective radius in the axis-Y direction. Reference character X denotes the effective radius in the axis-X direction.

Surface Reference number character r d nd vd Y X Object 0 35.41 plane  1 L1 27.04015 10.723313 1.596189 62.64 19 19  2 −184.03214 0.1 18.587 18.587  3 L2 28.75428 10.3193 1.493446 77.82 16.057 16.057  4 L3 −35.15431 0.9 1.843135 27.36 15.03 15.03  5 −796.26153 0.1 13.976 13.976  6 L4 21.30955 8.220652 1.447755 82.78 11.913 11.913  7 L5 −24.50612 3.781704 1.838229 34.67 10.688 10.688  8 54.29446 1.630421 8.992 8.992  *9 L6 −324.9208 8 1.83624 38.92 8.898 8.898 *10 22.55933 0.2 8.21 8.21 Stop L7 22.46308 5 1.440559 90.57 7.772 7.772 plane  12 43.18975 10.0417 8.2 8.2  13 L8 1027.43527 7.142823 1.724905 27.48 15.179 15.179  14 −27.759 29.55954 15.933 15.933 *15 L9 26.18195 6 1.531131 55.75 21.895 21.895 *16 24.46638 3.251569 24.544 24.544  17 L10 52.54104 15 1.487489 70.44 27.899 27.899  18 L11 −99.67582 2 1.846663 23.78 27.867 27.867  19 367.31767 0.1 28.209 28.209  20 L12 144.86083 11.949038 1.499714 76.47 28.501 28.501  21 L13 −70 2 1.846663 23.78 28.609 28.609  22 −2882.97645 5 29.502 29.502  23 L14 −143.56752 12 1.523218 72.05 29.907 29.907  24 −47.93833 0.3 30.731 30.731 *25 L15 −278.45036 8 1.531131 55.75 28.533 28.533 *26 32.5217 6.620327 25.549 25.549 *27 41 −91.46 26 1.509398 56.47 22.401 22.401  28 0 0 1.509398 56.47 16.349 16.349 *29 42 −23.52443 0 1.509398 56.47 16.243 16.243  30 0 −26 1.509398 56.47 24.783 24.783 *31 43 20 −444 19.834 19.834 Image 0 0 1478.174 1478.174 plane

As shown in the lens data, the refractive index nd of the lens 35 is 1.509398, and the Abbe number νd of the lens 35 is 56.47. The field of the on-axis inter-surface distance d labeled with the surface number 31 shows the distance between the screen S and the second transmissive surface 43 of the lens 35. The field of the on-axis inter-surface distance d labeled with the surface number 31 therefore shows the projection distance f of the projection system 3D. In the present embodiment, f=444 mm. Further, in the present embodiment, the effective radius of the reflective surface 42 is 16.243 mm in the axis-Y direction and 16.243 mm in the axis-X direction.

Aspheric data of the surface number 9 are as follows.

Conic constant   1.568E+00 Fourth-order coefficient −1.009992E−04 Sixth-order coefficient  3.513449E−07 Eighth-order coefficient  1.167873E−10

Aspheric data of the surface number 10 are as follows.

Conic constant    −1.3E+00 Fourth-order coefficient −5.044473E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  4.666818E−07 Eighth-order coefficient −8.772887E−10

Aspheric data of the surface number 15 are as follows.

Conic constant     −1E+00 Fourth-order coefficient −2.682649E−05 Sixth-order coefficient −1.226436E−08 Eighth-order coefficient −5.685428E−12 Tenth-order coefficient −1.521922E−14

Aspheric data of the surface number 16 are as follows.

Conic constant    −8.8E−01 Fourth-order coefficient −3.377957E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  1.703745E−09 Eighth-order coefficient −3.308662E−12 Tenth-order coefficient  1.385218E−14

Aspheric data of the surface number 25 are as follows.

Conic constant      9E+01 Fourth-order coefficient  1.231931E−05 Sixth-order coefficient −2.697087E−09 Eighth-order coefficient  9.407508E−12

Aspheric data of the surface number 26 are as follows.

Conic constant  0 Fourth-order coefficient −3.942288E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  4.592455E−08 Eighth-order coefficient  2.39597E−11 Tenth-order coefficient −5.310071E−14

Aspheric data of the surface number 27 are as follows.

Conic constant  0 Fourth-order coefficient  4.369855E−05 Sixth-order coefficient −3.679881E−08 Eighth-order coefficient  4.239583E−11 Tenth-order coefficient  5.34966E−15

Aspheric data of the surface number 29 are as follows.

Conic constant −1.029701E+00 Fourth-order coefficient  1.198257E−05 Sixth-order coefficient −2.370324E−08 Eighth-order coefficient  7.902733E−11 Tenth-order coefficient −6.397751E−14

Aspheric data of the surface number 31 are as follows.

Conic constant  0 Fourth-order coefficient −2.293837E−05 Sixth-order coefficient  1.062271E−07 Eighth-order coefficient −2.666016E−10 Tenth-order coefficient  3.255388E−13

The present embodiment can also provide the same effects as those provided by the embodiments described above.

In the present embodiment, the inclination angle θ by which the imaginary line P inclines with respect to the imaginary vertical line V is 100.03°. Therefore, θ=100.03°, which satisfies the conditional expressions (1) and (2) below. Further, the inclination angle η by which the pupil 44 inclines with respect to the imaginary vertical line V is 104.34°. Therefore, η=104.34°, which satisfies the conditional expressions (3) and (4) below. Therefore, the projection apparatus 3D according to the present embodiment allows suppression of the difference in the amount of light between the upper portion and the lower portion of the screen S. 0°<θ<90°+γ  (1) 90°<θ  (2) 0°<η<90°+γ  (3) 90°<η  (4)

θ: Inclination angle over which an end of the imaginary line P facing the upper intersection 53 rotates counterclockwise relative to the imaginary vertical line V around the intersection of the imaginary vertical line V and the imaginary line P

η: Inclination angle over which an end of the pupil 44 facing the first intersection rotates counterclockwise relative to the imaginary vertical line V around the intersection of the imaginary vertical line V and the pupil 44

γ: Angle from the imaginary axis M to the lower peripheral light ray 52 b passing through the effective range 50 of the second transmissive surface 43 and intersects the imaginary axis M

In the projection system 3D according to the present embodiment, the projection distance f is 444 mm. Therefore, in the projection system 3D according to the present embodiment, the same projection distance of the projection system 3C according to Embodiment 3 is achieved with no dichroic prism provided in the first optical system. The effective radius of the reflective surface 42 is 16.243 mm in the axis-X direction and 16.243 mm in the axis-Y direction. The projection system 3D according to the present embodiment therefore also allows suppression of an increase in the size of the reflective surface 42.

FIG. 28 shows an MTF of the projection system 3D on the magnifying side. The MTF was calculated under the following conditions: The image formation planes were divided along the axis Y; and the resultant halves were each divided into 11 areas. Light rays used in the calculation of the MTF are so weighted that the weighting ratio among the light rays having the wavelength of 620 nm, the light rays having the wavelength of 550 nm, and the light rays having the wavelength of 470 nm is 2:7:1. The horizontal axis of FIG. 28, which shows the MTF, represents the spatial frequency. The spatial frequency of 0.24 cycles corresponds to the resolution of 16.7 μm. The vertical axis of FIG. 28 represents the contrast reproduction ratio. In the present embodiment, a decrease in resolution is suppressed, as shown in FIG. 28. FIG. 29 is a spot diagram showing spots produced by the projection system 3D. In the present embodiment, variation in the size of the spots is suppressed, as shown in FIG. 29.

Other Embodiments

In Embodiments 1 to 4 described above, the lens 35 is made of resin. The lens 35 can instead be made of glass. In the case where the lens 35 is made of glass, the lens 35 can be processed with high precision as compared with the case where the lens 35 is made of resin. Further, in the case where the lens 35 is made of glass, the amount of expansion of the shape of the lens 35 can be suppressed when the temperature of the lens 35 rises due to internal absorption of light, as compared with the case where the lens 35 is made of resin. The lens 35 made of glass can therefore maintain the optical performance of the lens 35 even in the case where high luminance light enters the lens 35, because deformation of the lens 35 due to the heat is suppressed. The lens 35 made of glass can further improve the reliability of the lens 35 because the heat resistance is improved as compared with the lens 35 made of resin.

Further, the lens 35 may be formed of a plurality of members. In this case, the plurality of members may be made of materials different from one another. For example, an area of the lens 35 that is an area containing the pupil 44 and the vicinity thereof, where the temperature is likely to increase, may be made of glass, and the remainder of the lens 35 may be made of resin. Since the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 are therefore made of resin, a complicated aspheric shape can be readily formed, whereby the optical performance of the lens 35 can be improved. Further, since the area where the temperature is likely to increase is made of glass, the heat resistance of the lens 35 can also be improved. A projection system including the lens 35 having higher optical performance and improved reliability can therefore be achieved.

In the embodiments described above, the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 of the lens 35 are each an aspheric surface. Instead, a configuration in which at least one of the surfaces is an aspheric surface allows suppression of aberrations that affect a final image projected on the screen S.

Further, in the embodiments described above, the inclination angle θ, by which the imaginary line P inclines with respect to the imaginary vertical line V, satisfies the conditional expressions (1) and (2). Instead, a configuration in which the inclination angle θ satisfies at least the conditional expression (1) allows suppression of the situation in which the amount of light at the upper periphery of the screen S is smaller than the amount of light at the lower periphery of the screen S.

In Embodiments 1 to 4 described above, the lens 35 may be provided with a light shield. In this case, the light shield blocks light rays that incline with respect to the imaginary line P and do not fall within the effective range 50, through which the imaginary line P passes. Stray light produced in the lens 35 can thus be avoided.

Further, any of the first transmissive surface 41, the reflective surface 42, and the second transmissive surface 43 of the lens 35 may be formed of a free-form surface. The projection distance of the projection system is thus readily further shortened.

In addition, the projection system according to each of the embodiments described above can also be used as an imaging system for capturing an image formed by outside light incident via the second transmissive surface 43 of the lens 35 with an imaging device disposed in place of the demagnifying-side image formation plane where the light modulator 18 or each of the liquid crystal panels 18R, 18G, and 18B is disposed. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A projection system comprising a first optical system and a second optical system sequentially arranged from a demagnifying side toward a magnifying side, the projection system forming an intermediate image in a position between a demagnifying-side image formation plane and a magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system, wherein the second optical system is a lens, the lens has a first transmissive surface, a reflective surface, and a second transmissive surface sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, three axes perpendicular to one another are called axes X, Y, and Z, with an axis-Z direction being a direction in which the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface are arranged, an upper side being one side of the axis Y, a lower side being another side of the axis Y, and a plane YZ being a plane perpendicular to the axis X and containing the axes Y and Z, the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface are located at the lower side of an imaginary axis extending in the axis-Z direction, the second transmissive surface is located at the upper side of the imaginary axis, the reflective surface has a concave shape, the second transmissive surface has a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side, an imaginary line that connects an upper intersection to a lower intersection inclines with respect to an imaginary vertical line perpendicular to the imaginary axis in the plane YZ, the upper intersection being an intersection where an upper peripheral light ray of an upper-end light flux that is a light ray passing through an axis-Y-direction upper end of an effective range of the second transmissive surface and an upper peripheral light ray of a lower-end light flux that is a light ray passing through an axis-Y-direction lower end of the effective range intersect with each other in the plane YZ, and the lower intersection being an intersection where a lower peripheral light ray of the upper-end light flux and a lower peripheral light ray of the lower-end light flux intersect with each other in the plane YZ, the lens is asymetrical about the imaginary vertical line, and the intermediate image is located in the lens between the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface.
 2. The projection system according to claim 1, wherein the first optical system is a refractive optical system.
 3. The projection system according to claim 2, wherein the imaginary axis coincides with an optical axis of the first optical system.
 4. The projection system according to claim 1, wherein principal rays between the first optical system and the second optical system approach each other toward the second optical system.
 5. The projection system according to claim 1, wherein any of the first transmissive surface, the reflective surface, and the second transmissive surface is an aspheric surface.
 6. The projection system according to claim 5, wherein the first transmissive surface is an aspheric surface.
 7. The projection system according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate image has a shape that allows reduction in trapezoidal distortion of a final image formed in the magnifying-side image formation plane.
 8. The projection system according to claim 1, wherein the first transmissive surface, the reflective surface, and the second transmissive surface form a coaxial optical system having surfaces rotationally symmetric with respect to the imaginary axis, and the imaginary axis is a design reference axis.
 9. The projection system according to claim 1, wherein the projection system satisfies a conditional expression below, 0°<θ<90°+γ  (1) where θ is an inclination angle over which an end of the imaginary line facing the upper intersection rotates counterclockwise relative to the imaginary vertical line around an intersection of the imaginary vertical line and the imaginary line, and γ is an angle from the imaginary axis to the lower peripheral light ray of the lower-end light flux and intersects the imaginary axis.
 10. The projection system according to claim 9, wherein the projection system satisfies a conditional expression (2) below, 90°<θ  (2)
 11. A projection-type image display apparatus comprising: the projection system according to claim 1; and a display that displays a projection image in the demagnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system.
 12. The projection-type image display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the display forms the projection image at the upper side of an optical axis of the first optical system.
 13. A projection-type image display apparatus comprising: the projection system according to claim 2; and a display that displays a projection image in the demagnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system.
 14. A projection-type image display apparatus comprising: the projection system according to claim 3; and a display that displays a projection image in the demagnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system.
 15. A projection-type image display apparatus comprising: the projection system according to claim 4; and a display that displays a projection image in the demagnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system.
 16. A projection-type image display apparatus comprising: the projection system according to claim 5; and a display that displays a projection image in the demagnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system.
 17. A projection-type image display apparatus comprising: the projection system according to claim 7; and a display that displays a projection image in the demagnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system.
 18. A projection-type image display apparatus comprising: the projection system according to claim 8; and a display that displays a projection image in the demagnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system.
 19. A projection system comprising a first optical system and a second optical system sequentially arranged from a demagnifying side toward a magnifying side, the projection system forming an intermediate image in a position between a demagnifying-side image formation plane and a magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system, wherein the second optical system is a lens, the lens has a first transmissive surface, a reflective surface, and a second transmissive surface sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, three axes perpendicular to one another are called axes X, Y, and Z, with an axis-Z direction being a direction in which the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface are arranged, an upper side being one side of the axis Y, a lower side being another side of the axis Y, and a plane YZ being a plane perpendicular to the axis X and containing the axes Y and Z, the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface are located at the lower side of an imaginary axis extending in the axis-Z direction, the second transmissive surface is located at the upper side of the imaginary axis, the reflective surface has a concave shape, the second transmissive surface has a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side, an imaginary line that connects an upper intersection to a lower intersection inclines with respect to an imaginary vertical line perpendicular to the imaginary axis in the plane YZ, the upper intersection being an intersection where an upper peripheral light ray of an upper-end light flux that is a light ray passing through an axis-Y-direction upper end of an effective range of the second transmissive surface and an upper peripheral light ray of a lower-end light flux that is a light ray passing through an axis-Y-direction lower end of the effective range intersect with each other in the plane YZ, and the lower intersection being an intersection where a lower peripheral light ray of the upper-end light flux and a lower peripheral light ray of the lower-end light flux intersect with each other in the plane YZ, the lens is asymmetrical about the imaginary axis, and the intermediate image is located in the lens between the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface.
 20. A projection system comprising a first optical system and a second optical system sequentially arranged from a demagnifying side toward a magnifying side, the projection system forming an intermediate image in a position between a demagnifying-side image formation plane and a magnifying-side image formation plane of the projection system, wherein the second optical system is a lens, the lens has a first transmissive surface, a reflective surface, and a second transmissive surface sequentially arranged from the demagnifying side toward the magnifying side, three axes perpendicular to one another are called axes X, Y, and Z, with an axis-Z direction being a direction in which the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface are arranged, an upper side being one side of the axis Y, a lower side being another side of the axis Y, and a plane YZ being a plane perpendicular to the axis X and containing the axes Y and Z, the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface are located at the lower side of an imaginary axis extending in the axis-Z direction, the second transmissive surface is located at the upper side of the imaginary axis, the reflective surface has a concave shape, the second transmissive surface has a convex shape protruding toward the magnifying side, an imaginary line that connects an upper intersection to a lower intersection inclines with respect to an imaginary vertical line perpendicular to the imaginary axis in the plane YZ, the upper intersection being an intersection where an upper peripheral light ray of an upper-end light flux that is a light ray passing through an axis-Y-direction upper end of an effective range of the second transmissive surface and an upper peripheral light ray of a lower-end light flux that is a light ray passing through an axis-Y-direction lower end of the effective range intersect with each other in the plane YZ, and the lower intersection being an intersection where a lower peripheral light ray of the upper-end light flux and a lower peripheral light ray of the lower-end light flux intersect with each other in the plane YZ, the intermediate image is located in the lens between the first transmissive surface and the reflective surface, and a first length of the lens from the imaginary axis to an upper side end along the imaginary vertical line is shorter than a second length of the lens from the imaginary axis to a lower side end along the imaginary vertical line. 